Covid-19 and its impact on the internationalization of cargo transport

services in Colombia

……………………………………

El Covid-19 y su impacto en la internacionalización de servicios de transporte de carga

en Colombia

Campo Elías López-Rodríguez

Juan Sebastián Rubiano-Calderón

Fernando Augusto Poveda-Aguja

Edgar German-Martínez

Jorge Luis Cabezas-Quintero

ABSTRACT

This article's main objective is to identify the

incidence of Covid-19 in the processes of

internationalization of freight transport services

in Bogotá Colombia, this taking into account the

importance of internationalization in the face of

the challenges that globalization brings to the

country in the new scenario that organizations

must face regarding the pandemic. Through a

descriptive approach and a documentary review,

the behavior of the internationalization of this

sector, which is so important for the country's

economy, as is the transport service, is

statistically reflected, showing that although

there is a direct incidence of the current

pandemic in the sector, it is also clear that this is

due to the change in current consumption

needs. It is concluded that only those companies

that are willing to be in constant evolution are

those that despite the difficulties manage to

overcome this type of phenomenon successfully.

Keywords: Covid-19, internationalization of

services, cargo transportation, international

trade.

RESUMEN

Revista investigación, desarrollo

educación, servicio, trabajo (ID EST)

Vol 1 – No 2

July – December 2021

e-ISSN 2745-1194.

Pag 58-82

Received: November 03, 2020

Approved: March 09, 2021

…………………………………….

Doctorando en Psicología del Consumidor.

Docente investigador del programa de

Comercio Internacional de la Universidad ECCI

, Bogotá, Colombia, clopezr@ecci.edu.co

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4061-2979

Profesional en Comercio Internacional de la

Universidad ECCI, Bogotá, Colombia,

juans.rubianoc@ecci.edu.co

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6848-5070

Doctor de Educación. Docente investigador de

la Maestría en Educación de la Corporación

Universitaria Minuto de Dios – UNIMINUTO,

fernando.poveda@uniminuto.edu

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8149-9963

Doctorando en Proyectos de la Universidad

Americana de Europa UNADE. Decano de la

Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales de la

Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios -

UNIMINUTO.

edgarg.martinez@uniminuto.edu

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3883-9277

Patrullero Policía Nacional de Colombia -

Escuela Internacional del Uso de la Fuerza

Policial para la Paz (CENOP).

luis.cabezas@correo.policia.gov.co

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0816-1592

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Este artículo tiene como principal objetivo identificar la incidencia del Covid-19 en los

procesos de internacionalización de servicios de transporte de carga en Bogotá

Colombia, esto teniendo en cuenta la importancia de la internacionalización frente a

los desafíos que trae consigo la globalización para el país en el nuevo escenario que

deben afrontar las organizaciones respecto a la pandemia. A través de un enfoque

descriptivo y de una revisión documental se plasma estadísticamente el

comportamiento de la internacionalización de este sector tan importante para la

economía del país, como lo es el servicio de transporte, evidenciando que si bien, existe

una incidencia directa de la actual pandemia en el sector, también es claro que esto se

debe al cambio de las necesidades de consumo actuales. Se concluye que solo aquellas

empresas que están dispuestas a estar en constante evolución son las que a pesar de

las dificultades logran sobrepasar este tipo de fenómenos de manera exitosa.

Palabras clave: Covid-19, internacionalización de servicios, transporte de carga,

comercio internacional.

Introduction

With the process of global globalization and rapid economic growth, companies are

constantly forced to seek various dynamics of market expansion, capital and collection

of raw materials for their continuous supply, which leads to them being immersed in

different processes of internationalization. For Ghauri, Strange & Cooke (2021) it

is the way a company enters the reality of globalization, or the way it projects its

activities in an international market, thus creating commercial, financial and

knowledge chains between different countries.

Internationalization in Colombia has been a research topic of great importance over

the years (López-Rodríguez, Ligarreto & Lombana, 2019; Castiblanco-Moreno,

Castro-Castell & Gómez-Ramírez, 2017; Monsalve, 2016), basically for the interest of

companies to globalize and get information that facilitates this process, as well as the

interest of the national government to encourage companies to generate an

international projection of their business. According to Sharma et al. (2020)

internationalization has had profound effects on the development of multinational

enterprises, as well as on the global economy, generating a growing interdependence

of financial markets and national economies.

According to Figure 1, Colombia's imports and exports can be identified in the first

period of 2018 and the first period of 2019, which reflects an increase in imports in

2019 compared to the previous year, and a small decrease in exports in the same

periods; however, these figures allow them to be associated with the logistics involved

in these operations that influence the infrastructure of transport and storage

companies must be constantly improving to meet market demand.

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Figure 1. Importations and exportations Colombia 2018 – 2019 in millions of dollars.

Source: own elaboration based on DANE the National Administrative Department of

Statistics (2020).

According to the customs statute, transporters are "persons who, with a contract of

carriage, assume the obligation to move the goods from a point of origin to a point of

destination, in exchange for a payment called freight. They are responsible for the

cargo they carry from the time it is delivered to the delivery at the agreed place and

person" (Ministry of Finance and Public Credit, 2016).

In the health emergency that the world is going through in 2020 because of the virus

called COVID-19, drastic measures have had to be taken in Colombia such as

containment measures and restrictions on companies. The actions of the authorities

in the country have sought to stop the spread of the virus, however, the economic

effects that these actions have had over the months are important, so it is necessary

that the decisions of the authorities can achieve a balance between the spread of the

virus and the economy of the country which are essential for society and national trade

(Jaén , Marín & Ortiz, 2020).

Figure 2 shows the impact that COVID-19 has had on different sectors of foreign trade;

the transport of cargo, depleted inventories and the rise in response prices are the

greatest difficulties for entrepreneurs in the acquisition of raw materials or the supply

of goods (Chamber of Commerce of Bogotá, 2020). This is partly due to the restrictions

that the national government and the mayor's office of Bogota have had to impose to

slow the spread of the virus, and because of this is the affectation of the logistics of

transporting cargo of all types of goods, as well as the break that is clear in the trade of

the capital.

Primer semestre 2018

Primer semestre 2019

Exportaciones Importaciones

20,555

23,337

20,303

24,669

Primer semestre 2018 Primer semestre 2019

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Figure 2: Employers' difficulties due to Covid-19. Source: own elaboration based on

the national survey of Covid-19 impact, Chamber of Commerce of Bogotá (2020).

A first perception of the effects of the pandemic on the internationalization processes

can be identified through Figure 3, which shows the decrease in Colombian imports

for the month of April 2020 compared to the same month last year; and where a

variation of -31.6% is evidenced and that expressed in millions of dollars are -1431.7

US (National Administrative Department of Statistics, 2020). This same figure implies

that this decrease is related to the pandemic, since from 2017 to 2019 the values were

rising gradually.

14%

17%

19%

23%

26%

Importaciones Otros Transporte de

carga

Inventarios

agotados

Mayores precios

de insumos

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Figure 3: Imports per month in April in millions of dollars (CIF values). Souce: own

elaboration based on the National Administrative Department of Statistics (2020).

Based on the above, and to prepare this article, the following problem arises: What is

the incidence of Covid-19 in the processes of internationalization of freight transport

services in Bogotá, Colombia? To face this, it is intended to highlight the different

theoretical references that arise from the processes of internationalization of transport

services in Bogotá, characterize the current situation of freight transport services in

Bogotá and its impact on internationalization, and finally show the impacts

that Covid-19 has generated on the commercial development of freight transport in

Bogotá.

Below are the theoretical references that support this article, highlighting the business

internationalization and freight transport services, then the methodological structure

of the study, the results of the behavior of the internationalization of freight transport

services in Bogotá during the Covid-19 pandemic and finally the conclusions of the

study.

Internationalization company-wide

In an increasingly globalized world, internationalization is a fundamental piece for the

survival of companies, the objective is to expand markets when the national space is

increasingly smaller and with more competitors (López-Rodríguez et al. 2021). That is

why, Becerra (2010) affirms that the development of international trade over time has

been thanks to the high mobility between countries, the globalization of markets and

the innovation of new information technologies. It is possible to achieve this hand in

hand with competitiveness and the internationalization of this (Botero Pinzón, 2014).

According to Bahoo, Alon & Paltrinieri (2020) internationalization can be defined as

a process by which the activities of a company are developed such as the sales of its

products, purchase of supplies, production and others, in other countries other than

the one of origin of the firm. However, internationalization can be analyzed differently

4.033,3

4.238,3

4.528,5

3.096,8

Abril 2017 Abril 2018 Abril 2019 Abril 2020

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from the traditional one, since this process can impact the development of companies

in various areas such as: the transfer of technological knowledge, induction of new

economic and financial strategies, among others (Pinzón, 2013). It should be noted

that international trade developed since the industrial revolution and has been

transformed with the advance of certain aspects, such as production techniques,

marketing, the means of transport and the growth of demand (Becerra, 2010).

Over time, borders were opened with which growth opportunities arose for emerging

economies that managed to have a leading role in the world, as well as companies that

saw an alternative to grow (Arroyave, 2012). As described by Muñoz-Cañavate &

Fernández-Falero (2015) economic globalization has been developing and this

generates changes in the actors operating in the markets a clear example of this is the

alteration of economic borders, which makes companies compete internationally.

Access to new markets generates greater growth based on an expansion strategy, and

the competitive pressure in the domestic market decreases, as demand increases

abroad (Giménez, 2010).

There are three main ways for the internationalization of companies which are

imports, exports or investments abroad (Córdoba, Rodenes, & Rueda, 2016), and as

mentioned by Gálvez-Albarracín, Reyes-Velasco & Rodríguez-Orejuela (2018).

companies that have an acceptable level of international market orientation are

inferred to have good potential to take advantage of the FTAs that the country has

made with other countries. It is generally thought that the family business is outside

the economy of any country, but they are fundamental in the economy thanks to the

fact that they generate a high percentage of employment and economic development

(Cavusgil et al. 2020).

For Muñoz-Cañavate & Fernández-Falero (2015) the processes of internationalization

of companies must a very varied information as it is: the political and economic

situation of the market, the risk of the country, competitors, among other important

factors to succeed in the destination market. For this reason, Botero Pinzón (2014)

affirms that the process of internationalization of any company starts in the first

instance as an exercise of international projection of the organization, that is, the

synchronization of all the variables related to its purpose. The entrepreneurial

orientation (OE) through the calculations of risk increase made by managers and of

innovation processes, energizes companies for the creation of products and the

improvement of these (Gálvez-Albarracín, Reyes-Velasco & Rodríguez-Orejuela,

2018).

The internationalization activity involves studying and on different cultures and

consumption habits, which requires changes in the products, packaging, or

presentation of the company (Giménez, 2010). Following these guidelines,

Pineda, Jerónimo & Carrasco (2012) propose that the selection of markets is crucial

for companies when starting and enhancing their economic activity in other countries,

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however, this is not only an important reason for companies but also for official

bodies.

Likewise, there are several aims that a company pursues through an international

strategy, from potential demand to diversifying commercial risk, thanks to the support

of different clients in certain economic environments that favor the company (Becerra,

2010).

The global born phenomenon consists of the internationalization of a company

from the moment of its creation or during the first two years of its existence, this

modality is mainly for technology companies (Arroyave, 2012), and to start in this

process López-Rodríguez & Neme-Chaves (2021). tell that the internationalization

of a company requires an investment that will be reflected positively in the long-term,

which is why incurring in the export activity must be analyzed financially and with

business commitment. It should be clear that the exportable offer of a company is to

secure certain volumes requested by a customer or have products that satisfy foreign

markets, however, this term also integrates the financial, economic, and management

capacity of the company (Córdoba, Rodenes & Rueda, 2016). There are different

strategies to achieve the internationalization process such as alliances with other

companies positioned in different markets, production capacity, innovation and

mainly the adaptation of the dynamics of the global business environment (Bahoo,

Alon & Paltrinieri, 2020). Another strategy is important is the issue of the selection

of markets, where Pineda, Jerónimo, and Carrasco (2012) clarifies that the selection

of markets is divided into 3 phases, the first refers to the valuation or preliminary

review, consists of identifying the potential markets based on more important macro

indicators to be able to meet their goals and for this, there are international

organizations that issue information resources on which companies can be based to

carry out your internationalization study and make a less risky decision for your

business (Muñoz-Cañavate & Fernández-Falero, 2015).

Freight transport services

Thanks to the growing importance of freight transport services in logistics processes,

the global trend is now directed towards multimodal transport in all operations of the

logistics chain (González, 2013); for a better explanation López-Rodríguez & Rincón

(2019) present an example by mentioning that passenger transport has a relationship

between the several trips per passenger and the several trips per vehicle; in freight

transport, they take advantage of the economy of scale by transporting large quantities

of goods in large vehicles; although the problem of cargo logistics is at the national

level, since the country's governmental entities do not guarantee the proper

management of the freight transport sector and there is no investment of the national

budget directed to it (Sharma et al. 2020).

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For Arbeláez & Marín (2012) there are four critical success factors in service

companies such as transport in the country: i) Cost, ii) quality, iii) time, or ability to

meet customer needs in a timely manner and, iv) innovation. And speaking of the

social costs of transportation, they are divided into two groups: internal costs and

external costs. Internal costs are those borne by users as operating costs, external costs

refer to accident costs, infrastructure, etc. (Díaz & Maza, 2011); Another

critical cause of external success is security, since the importance of this in the supply

chain increases more and more, therefore, in Latin America efforts are constantly

made so that companies understand the competitive effects that arise from this

scourge (Gutiérrez, 2013).

The activities carried out by freight transport companies must variable and fixed

resources; the first are resources such as fuel, tires, maintenance, among others, and

the second refers to insurance, bearing taxes, among others (Arbeláez & Marín 2012).

For this reason, it must be considered that when internal or external risks existing in

the environment of the freight transport service, it is not possible to fulfill a delivery,

normally the economic losses are much (López-Rodríguez, Moreno-Martin & Vidal-

Cañas, 2018). And these risks increase more when faced with the disadvantages it is

necessary to analyze the poor state of the infrastructure of Colombian roads, airports,

and ports; they also have a limited road network, and this leads to a negative impact

on competitiveness (Angulo Reyes et al. 2018).

Materials and methods

This research has a descriptive scope, for Hernández, Fernández & Baptista (2014)

consists of specifying the properties, characteristics, and profiles of people, groups,

processes or other phenomena that are subjected to analysis, that is, they intend to

measure or generate a search for information related to the concepts or variables that

are the object of study. Likewise, according to Fernández (2016) descriptive research

can also be called diagnostic or data collection research, and they are useful to show

the dimensions or angles of a phenomenon since the researcher must be able to define

or at least visualize what will be measured and on whom the information will be

collected , which will be true and at the end you can give an

interpretation and check the object under study.

The approach that will be developed will be of a qualitative nature, for Abreu (2012)

consists mainly in the description of the qualities of a phenomenon, mainly

manifested in the strategy that will allow knowing the facts, processes, structures, and

people in their entirety, likewise, who makes qualitative research develops the central

problems of his work during the process of this. On the other hand, this approach will

allow the researcher to know deeply and with information of a documentary nature

the object that is studied having a certain interest in accessing the experiences, the

documents, the interactions about it; to the above, Cauas (2015) affirms that

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qualitative research is mainly based on using exclusively information that allows

generating an analysis for achieving detailed descriptions of the phenomena studied.

The technique that will be used for the collection of information is documentary

analysis, which focuses according to Peña Vera & Pirela Morillo (2007) on the analysis

of data that are embodied in different documents and through these manage to extract

their content, which is synthesized to create new documents that facilitate their

recovery and dissemination. Likewise, documentary analysis or also called

documentary treatment, is a characteristic activity of any library or information

center, for identifying, describing and representing the continent and the content

of documents in a different way from the original, with the purpose of guaranteeing

their selective and timely recovery, as well as enabling their exchange , diffusion and

use (Dulzaides Iglesias & Molina Gómez, 2004). On the other

hand, Batanero & Díaz (2015) affirm that there are two trends of documentary

analysis, the first is that it comprises several phases and one of them is the

bibliographic description, the second is that it should be considered only as a

description of the content and not formal.

Results y discussion

Current situation of freight transport services without the incidence of

Covid-19

This section corresponds to a collection of information that gives an account of

the reality of freight transport and its impact on internationalization, as opposed to a

comparison that expresses numerically the impacts generated by the Covid-19

pandemic in the face of it. That is why, below, Figure 5 presents how Colombia is facing

the global competitiveness index in some infrastructure factors for international

freight transport and that in accordance with what the Ministry of Transport

establishes (2020). This Global Competitiveness Index (IGC) compares 141 countries,

giving them scores and positions against various economic sections for the year 2019,

and is carried out according to the perception of the World Economic Forum.

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Figure 5. Competitiveness of Colombian infrastructure against the Global

Competitiveness Index. Source: Own elaboration based on the Mystery of Transport

(2020).

In the face of these statistics, it is worth highlighting some important points; to

begin with, port services are analyzed, where the connectivity index cause is a point of

relevance and Colombia is in a good place (33) worldwide, but an important

challenge is seen, in the efficiency of these same services, where positional it is at

number 72; and exactly the same is the case for other forms of international cargo

transport; in airport connectivity, it is located in the best place, but in service

efficiency at number 78, for the mode of rail and road transport although the same

thing happens, the reality is that the country is in a place quite far from the ranking of

the first positions, with connectivity positions of 89 and 97 respectively and

inefficiency of 99 and 104. There is another measurement variable

of much importance worldwide and is the LPI logistics performance index, which

according to the Ministry of Transport (2020) for the year 2019 Colombia had the

largest variation with a percentage of 12.6% going from place 94 to 58 of 160

economies analyzed, this variable is measured from 1 to 5, where 5 is the highest score

obtained and the list is headed by Germany with a score of 4.20. Below is presented in

Figure 6, this index for some factors of the freight transport sector and again there are

challenges that the country has inefficiency, in this case of customs and infrastructure

management, and that through the document CONPES 3982 of 2020, the national

government seeks to improve its competitiveness.

104

65,4

3,4

1,9

1,7

144,4

4,5

50,1

4,1

Índice de conectividad de carreteras

Calidad de Carreteras

Densidad de la red ferroviaria

Eficiencia en los servicios de trenes

Conectividad aeroportuaria

Eficiencia de servicios de transporte aereos

Índice de conectividad de envío de línea

Eficiencia de los servicios portuarios

Puntaje 2019 Posicion 2019

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Figure 6. Logistics Performance Index. Source: Own elaboration based on the Ministry

of Transport (2020).

Talking about the current situation of freight transport services and their impact on

internationalization in the city of Bogotá allows us to analyze more specific figures

such as those granted by the Ministry of Transport (2020), where it indicates that for

the year 2019 a total of 246'989,600 tons were mobilized by road transport, of

which 35'004,333 trips were distributed and this is at the national level; if we analyze

only those trips whose origin was the city of Bogotá, it is found that in total there

are 6'890,569 which indicates that it is 19% of the total loads, to analyze this

percentage to the other cities of origin, such as Barranquilla, Medellín, Cali, among

others, figure 7 is presented below.

2,61

2,67

2,87

3,08

3,17

3,19

Aduanas

Infraestructura

C alidad de los servicios logísticos

Trazabilidad

Puntualidad

Facilidad de los envios

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Figure 7. Percentage’s cities of the origin year 2019. Source: own elaboration base on

transport Minister (2020).

The percentage variable changes a lot if we go from talking about the road mode to the

air mode, where according to the figures obtained by the Ministry of Transport (2020),

Bogotá assumes the largest transport operators in the country with a total of 724

thousand tons representing 70.1%, followed by Rionegro with 11% and 115 thousand

tons transported which immediately gives a perception of the importance of el Dorado

airport in cargo transport services; Cali has a representation of 4% Barranquilla of 3%

San Andrés of 2%; among others. However, although the percentages are high, the

reality is that the totality of air cargo transport or even by road is insignificant to what

represents the maritime cargo which transports 97.8% of the country and that is

when the city of Bogotá could not be competitively strong in relation to cities with open

seas (Directorate of Taxes and National Customs , 2018).

The transport of air thing over the last few years has become an essential axis for

internationalization in Colombia and in the world, thanks to its efficiency in

operations and its speed to interconnect all countries unlike other modes of transport

as reported by López-Rodríguez et al. (2021). this in Colombia is because in the city

of Bogotá, logistical, administrative, and structural initiatives have been generated to

be able to meet the demand that today has the El Dorado airport since it is now the

reference port in Latin America.

11,19% 19,68% 19,83% 16,40% 17,67% 11,04% 4,19%

Barranquilla Bogotá Buenaventura Cali Cartagena Medellin Santa Marta

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Figure 8. Tons mobilized by the road year 2019. Source: own elaboration base on

transport Minister (2020).

Figure 8 provides an understanding of the number of tons moved by road; according

to the Ministry of Transport (2020), the total of Colombia was 118'303,258.71,

likewise, it allows to see the participation of the city of Bogotá D.C divided into two

values: one of them refers to the total of tons mobilized via highway dispatched from

the city to different destinations which were 6'417,036.37, and the other value refers

to the number of tons that were entered into the city, which recorded 12,164,061.45,

managing to find the percentage share that the city of Bogotá D.C had in the total tons

mobilized by road in the country, which was 15.70%.

Current situation of freight transport services in Bogotá D.C with the

incidence of Covid-19

At the end of 2019 a virus called COVID 19 came to the fore, with which, according to

the Ministry of Transport (2020) all countries began to face a situation without

precedent, which generated a sudden stop to the economy and all social activities,

likewise, it has been evidenced the existence of global threats and the role that the

human being plays in them. Therefore, the government of each country has had to take

measures of restriction and prevention, thus generating an impact on commercial

transactions and their logistics services, making the global economic recession

worrying. In the case of Colombia, both local and national quarantine measures were

taken in the same week, an aspect that did not give organizations time to consider

changes in the work dynamics of their collaborators (Rodríguez-Rojas, 2020).

In Colombia due to the emergency that is presented, it was decided to create the

logistics and transport center which is composed of the Minister of Transport, the

Minister of Agriculture, the Minister of Trade, Industry and Tourism, and a delegate

of the presidency, this to take measures for the supply of basic necessities; according

to the Ministry of Transport (2020) one of the first measures that were

118.303.258,71

6.417.036,37

12.164.061,45

Total Colombia Total Bogotá D.C según

origen

Total Bogotá D.C según

destino

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implemented was the non-collection of tolls on the concessions and non-

concession roads of the country, seeking to make sure that logistics chains such as

production, the supply of basic foodstuffs, imports of basic necessities or agricultural

inputs so that they could transport them from the different ports of the country to the

production centers of Colombia.

This to take measures for the supply of basic necessities; according to the Ministry of

Transport (2020), one of the first measures that were implemented was the non-

collection of tolls on the concessions and non-commissioned roads of the country,

seeking to make sure that logistics chains such as production, the supply of basic

foodstuffs, imports of basic necessities or agricultural inputs so that they could

transport them from the different ports of the country to the production centers in

Colombia. and although the city of Bogotá is the main air cargo carrier in Colombia as

shown in Figure 8, it was also affected by the decrease in demand for goods nationally

and internationally, as reported by Díaz-Olariaga (2021) air cargo transport in Bogotá

and in the country, in general, did not collapse completely thanks to the distribution

of medical and basic necessities, however, the 75% capacity restrictions had to

be applied and aligned with the number of domestic and international flights imposed

by the regulatory bodies.

Figure 9: Tons transported by air by 2020 by city Source: Own elaboration based on

data from the Civil Aeronautics control board (2020)

Figure 9 shows the number of tons that were transported in the air mode, of which the

total is 305,358, from March 19, 2020, which was the date on which confinement

began in Colombia, until December 31, 2020. As can be showed, Bogotá was the

largest air cargo carrier with 76%, which indicates that the impact it had on the sector

was not as significant at the regional level compared to the other cities (Civil

Aeronautics, 2020). The amount of cargo mentioned above, and which is evidenced in

Figure 9, refers to only necessities at the international level and at the national level,

232.831,34

32.230,37

10.965,02

9.344,75

7.291,57

3.795,51

8.899,60

Bogotá

Rio Negro

Leticia

Barranquilla

Cali

San Andres

Otros

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this is due to restrictions on cargo flights imposed by the national government, Civil

Aeronautics and El Dorado Airport.

Figure 10. Tons mobilized by the road year 2020.Source: Own elaboration based on

the Ministry of Transport (2021).

Figure 10 evidence the number of tons mobilized by road in 2020, the country in total

mobilized 108'721,015.11 having a decrease of 9'582,243.60 tons with respect to 2019,

recorded in Figure 8; the city of Bogotá D.C mobilized 5,695,303.54 tons dispatched

to different destinations registering 721,732.83 tons less than the immediately

previous year and mobilized 10,569,064.01 tons entered the city, 1,594,997.44 tons

less than in 2019 (Ministry of Transport, 2021). Likewise, the city of Bogotá D.C in

2020 reduced its share to 14.95% with respect to the total cargo mobilized via road in

the country. In these values, it is possible to see a little clearer the effects that the health

emergency that is being experienced around the world, is leaving in the economy and

in the different economic sectors of the country and in the different economic sectors.

2020 was a year of varied events and resounding uncertainties, so analyzing the cargo

transport services in the city of Bogotá of some exported products implies that through

the Bank of the Republic (2021) some economic figures are looked at by quarters,

where it is possible to analyze the growth or deterioration of eleven export products

according to the incidence of what was experienced during the year and for this

purpose two figures number 11 "Export products by quarter 2019 Bogotá" and number

12 "Export products by quarter 2020 Bogotá" are presented below with them a

comparison is made between the years described above, according to the needs of the

sectors so exports rise or fall.

108.721.015,11

5.695.303,54

10.569.064,01

Total Bogotá D.C según destino Total Bogotá D.C según origen Total colombia

Revista investigación, desarrollo educación, servicio, trabajo

Vol 1 – No 2 July – December 2021 e-ISSN 2745-1194. Pag 58-82

Figure 11. "Export products per quarter 2019 Bogotá"Source: Own elaboration based

on figures taken from the Bank of the Republic (2021).

Figure 12. "Export of products by quarter, 2020 Bogotá" Source: Own elaboration

based on figures taken from the Bank of the Republic (2021).

Compared to Figures 11 and 12, it is essential to compare the information on growth

and deterioration of some products of greater incidence; the first are pharmaceutical

products that for the year 2019, always presented negative variables reaching in the

last quarter a decrease of -7.2% and although for the first quarter of 2020 it reached -

12.5%, it begins to show that for the following quarters it has a recovery, increasing

external requests for medicines for human use and veterinary use (Banco de la

Plantas

vivas y

productos

de la

floricultur

Combusti

bles

minerales

y aceites

Aceites,

cosmético

s y

perfumerí

Máquinas,

aparatos y

material

eléctrico

Productos

farmacéut

icos

Materias

plásticas y

sus

manufact

uras

Café, té,

yerba

mate y

especias

Vehículos

automóvil

es tractor,

ciclo y

partes

Reactores

nucleares

y aparatos

mecánicos

Frutos

comestibl

Resto de

exportaci

ones

I Tri. 2019

8,9 15,4 -3,2 -7,4 -4,8 0,4 -26,8 41,7 14,6 3,1 3

II Tri. 2019

-5 -16,5 10,4 7,2 -4 -2,8 -41,3 1,1 -20 -6,2 2,7

III Tri. 2019

-2,4 -14,6 4,6 7,4 -2,5 -3,1 -29,6 13,7 -13,7 5 0,7

IV Tri. 2019

11,2 -57,2 18,1 -25,6 -7,2 -15,7 -26,8 -2,2 10,7 -0,5 -0,4

I Tri. 2019 II Tri. 2019 III Tri. 2019 IV Tri. 2019

Plantas

vivas y

productos

de la

floricultur

Combusti

bles

minerales

y aceites

Aceites,

cosmético

s y

perfumerí

Máquinas

, aparatos

y material

eléctrico

Productos

farmacéut

icos

Materias

plásticas y

sus

manufact

uras

Café, té,

yerba

mate y

especias

Vehículos

automóvil

es tractor,

ciclo y

partes

Reactores

nucleares

aparatos

mecánico

Frutos

comestibl

Resto de

exportaci

ones

I Tri. 2020

5,2 -30,6 9,5 0,4 -12,7 -10,4 1,8 -19 -13,3 -18,1 -3,2

II Tri. 2020

-13,2 -44,2 -43,2 -36 0,3 -32,2 26,3 -53,2 -42,9 -3,9 -35,5

III Tri. 2020

-3,3 -47,5 -23,8 -12,5 24,4 -18,8 110,2 -50,2 -1 5,1 -21,7

IV Tri. 2020

3,7 10,4 -16,9 45,7 23,7 0,3 158,6 -38,8 -26 19,7 -1,9

I Tri. 2020 II Tri. 2020 III Tri. 2020 IV Tri. 2020

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República, 2021) and ensured the growth of 24.4% for the third quarter of 2020, the

incidence of the increase in the current year is more than clear because the situation is

focused on an epidemic.

The peak of greatest affectation that was shown was in the group of coffee, tea, yerba

mate, and spices, which for 2019 only had negative variations reaching -41.3% and for

2020 there is evidence of a dazzling rise to 158.6% and in the face of this situation, the

International Coffee Organization (2020) says that since mid-March when the global

pandemic COVID – 19 was declared the virus reached all countries creating a global

shock and this causes three points of importance in coffee prices, the first is in the

stock markets and the volatility of the same increasing, compared to the tranquility

of the export of the product in comparison to other markets that would not suffer the

same fate; another aspect is the quality and availability of Colombian coffee in

comparison, such as, to the Brazilian product where it had a negative

impact because of the pandemic on its production stage and the exchange rate

between the Colombian peso and the dollar.

Figure 13: Participation of regions in foreign trade (exports + imports) December

2020. Source: Own elaboration based on data from the observatory of the Chamber of

Commerce of Bogotá (2020)

Figure 13 shows the participation of different regions of the country in foreign

trade, such as the city of Bogotá and the department of Cundinamarca have the largest

participation with 51%, according to data from the Chamber of Commerce of Bogotá

(2020), this region turns out to have higher values in foreign trade

transactions, since from January 2020 to September of the same year were 21,360

million dollars, however, it was 20% less compared to the same period in 2019, which

happened as a result of COVID 19 since restrictions were implemented globally and

border closures around the world.

Bogotá y cundinamarca

Antioquia

Valle del Cauca

Bolivar

Cesar

Atlántico

Otros

La Guajira

Caldas

51%

16%

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Figure 14: Annual trade balance in USD FOB millions. Source: Own elaboration based

on data from the trade balance report issued by the National Administrative

Department of Statistics (2021).

In Figure 14, Colombia's trade balance can be showed, making a comparison of the

year 2019 that was -$10,782 million FOB dollars, and of the year 2020 that was -$

10,129 million FOB dollars, showing negative values in both years, which according to

data from the National Administrative Department of Statistics (2021) shows that

Colombia's trade balance has been in deficit since the last 7 consecutive years;

although it is true that in 2020 it decreased by 6.1% compared to the immediately

previous year, exports and imports of the country also fell much, this is due to the

impact of COVID 19 as has been mentioned throughout the research, leaving an

uninspiring picture for companies dedicated to foreign trade and to the logistics chain,

hitting hard the sectors that are part of it, such as the freight transport sector.

$39.489

$31.056

$50.271

$41.185

$(10.782)

$(10.129)

2019 2020

Exportaciones Importaciones Balanza comercial

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Figure 15: The percentage share of the Bogotá D.C-Cundinamarca region in the

country's exports and imports. Source: Own elaboration based on data in the

information: Regional Economic Profiles issued by the Ministry of Commerce,

Industry, and Tourism (2021).

Figure 15 represents the percentage share of the region of Bogotá D.C-Cundinamarca

in the exports and imports of Colombia, this shows the importance that it has in the

foreign trade transactions of the country. As can be seen, Bogotá D.C

and Cundinamarca have a greater share in imports than in exports, which indicates

that the trade balance of the region is also in deficit and this turns out to have negative

economic effects for it, however, the freight transport sector turns out to be benefited

due to the demand that is generated by its participation in these two activities of the

country.

The pandemic has generated strong negative impacts on the economy of the

country and on logistics and freight transport, according to figures from the Ministry

of Commerce, Industry and Tourism (2021) land transport is the one that has had the

greatest impacts, as it had a reduction of 28% for May 2020 in terms of mobilization

of cargo via road. The different economic sectors of the country have had

to change the dynamics of their businesses due to the difficult social and economic

situation that is being experienced worldwide due to the pandemic. The freight

transport sector has had to work on overcoming the barriers that this phenomenon

has imposed on it, emphasizing the high costs of services and the limited supply of

operators dedicated to logistics and transport.

11,40%

59,60%

11,50%

58,50%

Exportaciones Importaciones

2019 2020

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Conclusions

Carrying out this study leaves some fundamental points to discuss and analyze, which have

been classified into two main sections, the first refers to the correlation between the information

obtained by authors who have studied the subject in question versus the reality experienced

and/or the application of it in work and professional environment; the second section is

conclusions obtained from the results of this article that open inquiries and proposals to future

studies and research, understanding that the topic is quite broad and it will be modified given

the new technologies and ways of carrying out international commercial transactions, forms of

communication and alliances between countries.

To analyze the first section of the correlation between the information of the theoretical

framework and the reality of foreign trade in Bogotá, it is essential to

remember Giménez (2010) and Pineda, Jerónimo and Carrasco (2012), for whom the activity

of internationalization depends on key aspects such as culture and consumption habits, and

thus the selection of markets ends up being of utmost importance when exercising this

commercial activity, these claims turn out to be valid, if they are taken into the context of the

consumption need of the year 2020 worldwide generated by the Covid-19 pandemic and as

shown in the results for that year, specifically it was internationalized with pharmaceutical

products which had a percentage increase of 36.9% in just three-quarters from 2019 to 2020,

which did not happen with technological or leisure objects for the home which showed

decreases.

Another clear example of the issue is the exuberant rise in exports of coffee, tea, yerba

mate with figures that seem unrealistic, and the drop in automobile sales, which clearly express

the need for purchase to remedy the issues of teleworking worldwide; in view of this issue, it

is important to mention that data and results were obtained that were totally different from

those expected at the time of carrying out the research, since the first impression of the direct

impacts of a global pandemic, and with the total closure of many countries, it was expected that

the economy and international trade would also end their activities altogether, but this was not

the case. , simply foreign trade varied, and the products to be exported or imported were the

ones that were altered.

It was also explained that, for Arbeláez & Marín (2012) there are four critical success factors

in service companies: i) cost, ii) quality, iii) time and iv) the ability to meet the needs of the

client on time; and which if analyzed from the perspective of the incidence of COVID versus

logistics in Bogotá. It is established then, that at the beginning of the pandemic all the entrances

and exits of the trade were automatically closed so that the capacity to attend timely

shipments was affected and although in Bogotá as at the national level the first solution to

mitigate the damages, were actions such as exemption from tolls, even so, the cost and delivery

times of the products that automatically affected the quality of the same was affected, so in the

end, with these four aspects it can be concluded that they are interconnected and their situation

is so strong that the damage in one makes the entire logistics chain not work.

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For the second section in which general conclusions and proposals for future studies will be

given, note that as shown in the results, now in the cargo and transport services it was found

that Colombia has excellent connectivity opportunities regarding internationalization and

foreign trade activities. However, extensive work must be done on the issues of efficiency and

effectiveness of shipments and quality of infrastructure to make a greater competitiveness

index worldwide, and with regard to the pandemic experienced in 2020, in this area, the

logistics of freight transport was forced to make a significant change in its rules; which leaves

as a possible topic of research in the future to know if this change helped to favor or

disadvantage this work, as well as it is important in the future to know what are the possible

failures for the low scores in the matter of question.Y como el tema clave de esta investigación

es la logística del transporte de carga en Bogotá D.C, it is important to close in turn how over

the years the capital has grown and gained great importance within the logistics chain of

companies for the distribution and internationalization of their products. And while it is true

that the city of Bogotá moves the largest amount of air cargo because it has the largest airport

nationwide and the port of reference in Latin America, it should also be taken into account that

being the city that receives more imported products at the national level, this must

be complemented by good land transport and already turns out to be a multimodal transport

operation, it is important to analyze why the conditions of the roads, the high costs of tolls and

the restrictions imposed by government entities end up decreasing efficiency and increasing

the prices of the service, resulting in low competitiveness in the national and international

market.

To end with this investigative work, it is intended to lead the reader to believe that although it

is true that although there is already some ways labor speaking in the logistics chain of the

internationalization process, this episode worldwide showed that everything can change

or very and although no one expected this event that generated havoc in the global economy

and in general in many aspects of the trade, the truth is that only those who are constantly

evolving and changing are the ones who manage in the end to overcome any type of situation,

such as the Covid-19 pandemic.

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