Importance of automation processes in the Colombian
agricultural sector
..........................................
Importancia de los procesos de automatización en el
sector agrícola colombiano
Campo
Elías López-Rodríguez
Yenny
Liseth Vargas Castiblanco
ABSTRACT
The agricultural sector is one of the pillars of the Colombian economy
and is fundamental for the country's food security; therefore, the objective of
this research is to analyze the importance of automation processes in the
Colombian agricultural sector. By means of a qualitative descriptive analysis,
it is intended to determine the barriers and opportunities for the adoption of
these technologies through a documentary analysis. The findings of this
research process allow identifying that the adoption of automation technologies
in the Colombian agricultural sector is still limited, due to factors such as
the lack of knowledge and training in the use of these tools, the low level of
access to financing and the resistance to change on the part of some producers.
It is concluded that process automation in the Colombian agricultural sector
has the potential to improve the efficiency, productivity and profitability of
agricultural activities. However, the need to overcome the above-mentioned
barriers to encourage greater adoption of these technologies is identified. It
is also essential and fundamental to provide training and access to financing
so that producers can acquire and implement these tools effectively.
Key words: automation, agricultural sector, industrial
processes.
RESUMEN
Palabras clave: automatización, sector agrícola, procesos
industriales.
Introduction
Automation plays a fundamental role in industrial processes, as a system
capable of responding automatically without the mediation of the operator, to
the changes that occur within it, performing the appropriate actions to fulfill
the designed function (Sanchis et al., 2010).
Systematization can increase productivity and efficiency in the use of
resources, which is why the following data presents a broad overview showing a
vision from an economic, social and cultural point of view.
Technological advances have begun to transform various aspects of the
agricultural industry, with which it has been possible to streamline and reduce
food production times, hence, the cultivation area must increase annually by 3%
to keep pace with population growth; therefore, technological advances have
begun to transform various aspects of the agricultural industry. For example, a
farmer who produces under normal conditions 2500 kilograms of wheat per hectare
on average would be able to triple this figure with the use of technology
(Syngenta, 2018).
Analyzing the progress of agricultural technology from another point of view,
finding that the implementation of automation generates distrust and workers in
this field need time to adapt to these innovations. On the other hand, “as a
negative aspect, at least on the social level, the machines that perform these
jobs can replace people who, in this way, lose their jobs” (García Ramírez,
2020). Likewise, other disadvantages are that “it generates technological
dependence; it requires a large initial investment; there is a lack of trained
personnel to handle the equipment; there is susceptibility to technological
obsolescence; resistance of operators to change” (Camara de Comercio de
Medellin, 2019). In addition to the uncertainty caused by the replacement of
human activities by machines, from an economic point of view, the large
expenditure of resources for the implementation of systems with these
capabilities is analyzed, so it only seems to be viable in larger companies.
Limits are usually placed on new technologies not because they are dangerous,
but because they are unknown.
Tapia et al., (2017) make a brief description and contextualization of what is
a low-cost agricultural machine deepening in its elaboration and composition
analyzing factors of which when making use will simplify such tasks with a
simple tool as it is such a machine is so simple, but allows to technify the operation to a point of being able to
effectively surpass to perform this operation in a critical way in the harvest.
In an investigative process a complete analysis of the implementation of harvesting
machines is performed for which a large group of people trained to perform a
good analysis from teachers students to technicians and professionals in
specific the KTP harvesting machine was analyzed through photo timing methods
this information is taken and managed to validate subprojects that use the
results obtained from its theoretical aspect and can be applied to other
companies machines and agricultural implements (Salazar, 2017).
Castro (2017) proposes an analysis of the different risks that may occur at
the time of using an agricultural machine as he collects different accidents
that have occurred and observes the reason for these, with which he seeks to
mitigate these accidents through the generation of changes as necessary by
adding insurers or mechanisms that allow the protection of the operator, thus
seeking to return the agricultural machines as a safe and reliable space
maximizing safety and maintaining the quality of production, thus making the
transfer to processes with machines profitable.
Dean et al., (2018) present a research, in which they explored and generated
alternative designs for tools for agricultural applications, especially, of a
pumping system to extract shallow water from rivers, lakes and canals, applying
appropriate design methods for the conceptual design stage, an agricultural
machine, is of particular importance to perform irrigation and contribute to
the drainage of flooded areas, in the conceptual design phase, they managed to
determine feasible combinations of system configurations.
This system wants to develop a Geographic Information System based on free
software with the ability to manage information related to advanced farming
techniques, due to the growing demand for food and the increasing demand for
sustainable use of natural resources. Leading to the emergence of new
agricultural management technologies based on the development of existing
technologies in the fields of communications. In this sense, geographic
information systems have played an important role by enabling through analysis,
visualization and integration with geospatial data (Garcia, 2019).
Pedraza (2017) presents a research, where he shows
that, in the agricultural sector, technology takes longer to arrive than in
other fields, but whose transformation potential has an undeniable importance.
“compared to other areas, agriculture lags behind and
advances slowly. But it can become the leading example of what technology can
do for society,” Albert, CEO of Deepfield Robotics, a
Bosch-owned startup that develops products and services for the agriculture of
the future, emphasizes that ”more is produced with
less, there are economic savings and better environmental management.”
This article points out that agricultural mechanization wiped out many jobs in
the countryside, in 1948, Norbert Wiener, considered the father of cybernetics,
warned of the conflict between technology and employment, suggesting to
compensate citizens, Paul Mason said that in 30 years “between 40 and 50% of
jobs will disappear and will be automated, especially in commerce and office
jobs”. Other reports reflect that throughout the world today, work is being
automated and much of the work that cannot be automated is being taken to
countries with less demanding labor or environmental relations or where labor
and taxes are cheaper (Galindo, 2017).
FAO (2022) estimates that without technological development and higher
productivity, it will be impossible to lift millions of people out of scarcity,
food insecurity and malnutrition. FAO Director General expressed “what matters
is how the automation process is carried out in practice, not if it happens. It
must be ensured that systematization is implemented in a comprehensive manner
and drive sustainability”. The confinement by coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
has created labor shortages for many agribusinesses, forcing them to adapt to a
sudden crisis that disrupts the labor market by resorting to automated
processes at the same time, this can contribute to decent employment and income
and reasonable working conditions.
The transformation to autonomous processes requires an immense economic
expenditure of resources that the vast majority of own crops without links to
companies do not have, so that to make this transfer is something complex, the
expenditure of resources for the proper functioning which shows how little
accessible this change is, along with the lack of knowledge of this transfer of
functions. From a cultural point of view, there is a great distrust of
machines, unemployment, uncertainty of replacement and adaptation to autonomous
processes, since they will require intensive training that is difficult to
achieve by people used to rudimentary processes.
From the economic benefits, there is another vision, one more centralized in
managers or bosses, since they are the ones who benefit the most, thus
achieving a minimum salary payment and a personalized hiring process, above
all, what would benefit the most would be the production times, since the use
of machines the production would be ready in a shorter time, benefiting the
sale and distribution of food. The advantages at a cultural level would be the
low contamination and in the use of fertilizers due to the fact that by making
the process more precise, the use of these aggregates would be reduced, improving
health and environmental conditions. In addition to greater safety in the
processes since the use of machines minimizes the number of accidents.
As stated by Tejada et al., (2020) the robotic systematization of processes
arises as a solution, based on software, to systematize established processes
that involve routine activities, ordered data and definitive results. In other
words, it has confirmed the benefits of RPA in production methods, costs, speed
and reduction of faults.
Taking into account the above, this research aims to answer the following
question: What is the importance of automation processes in the Colombian
agricultural sector? In this regard, it is necessary to generate a conceptual
approach to automation processes in the agricultural sector, to analyze aspects
of automation related to modern processes and its differences with contemporary
agriculture, and to describe the impact of automation processes in the
Colombian agricultural scenario.
For Irreño (2021) robotic automation of processes is
a software technology that allows companies to automate repetitive and tedious
tasks that are normally performed by humans; therefore, automation is of great
importance for the development of an effective marketing strategy, since it
allows companies to reduce their costs, improve their productivity and optimize
the use of their resources (Chiliquinga-Baquero et
al., 2021). Robotization or automation is classified into two main typologies:
prior notice of affected workers, to ensure fair treatment, a consultation
period with workers and a training plan (Segovia, 2020).
Automation is a pillar in content marketing innovation in service
companies, which involves the use of automation tools to maximize productivity
(Chiliquinga-Baquero et al., 2021). Thus, from the perspective of Segovia
(2020) automation is a redundancy practice, which involves the use of robots
and other automated technologies to replace workers, in order to reduce labor
costs and improve productivity, it highlights the importance of considering the
social and cultural context of the workplace when implementing automation, to
ensure that workers are prepared for the changes ahead (Inzunza Acedo et al.,
2020).
Encalada et al., (2019) state that information
systems are an important tool to improve the efficiency of manufacturing
processes, allowing them to make optimal decisions to improve productivity and
efficiency; business processes in business management allow companies to
optimize their operations, improve productivity, reduce costs and increase
efficiency (Velázquez et al., 2019). Hondares & Lorenzo (2019) consider the
model to estimate the effort demanded by the automation of business processes
is based on a qualitative approach to evaluate the requirements and the
selection of tools, and a quantitative approach for the implementation of the
solution and the validation of results.
According to Vizalote Rodriguez (2022) SMEs must
implement information technology tools to optimize their processes, increase
productivity and improve the quality of their products and services,
entrepreneurs must have knowledge of information technologies to make the most
of the available tools; in business processes, the importance of having a good
understanding of the models is highlighted, as well as implementing and
improving them, the benefits of a strategic approach to decision making and the
advantages are discussed (Velazquez et al., 2019). Mejia-Neira et al., (2019)
mention software engineering is important because it examines how this
discipline can improve production outcomes and improve process
efficiency.
Robotic automation of processes is important because it examines how this
software technology can be used effectively, explains the benefits it offers to
companies, including cost reduction, increased efficiency and improved process
quality (Irreño, 2021). In this regard Chiliquinga-Baquero et al., (2021) refer
to the main characteristics of automation as a pillar of innovation in content
marketing in service companies are: the automation of distribution to reduce
costs and improve productivity, the use of artificial intelligence tools for
efficiency; Ansible's automated administration and configuration strategy is
classified into four main typologies: automated task development, network
management, configuration management and resource management (Enciso &
Morales-Iñiguez, 2021).
As stated by De La Espriella-Babiloni (2019) industrial automation
and instrumentation refers to the use of technologies to control and optimize
industrial processes to improve efficiency and product quality; it shows the
diversity of imaginaries that workers have about robotization, from anxiety of
the possibility of a reduction in employment to a more positive view of
improved productivity (Inzunza Acedo et al., 2020). Encalada et al., (2019)
describes how information systems can improve the efficiency of manufacturing
processes by providing accurate information to decision makers.
The implementation of an enterprise architecture develops online courses
for online education as it shows how these architectures can be implemented by
offering high quality courses to a variety of learners (Peñafiel & Guzman,
2019). As shown by Encalada et al., (2019) classifies information systems into,
enterprise, designed to manage business processes at the enterprise level,
manufacturing, specific processes such as production planning, distribution and
inventory management and quality, to control the quality of products and
improve manufacturing processes; optimizing the information collected allows
companies to evaluate the effectiveness of their information
(Chiliquinga-Baquero et al., 2021).
For Velázquez et al., (2019) business processes can contribute to the
improvement of company results, they offer a holistic and useful look at
business management and how business processes can improve company results; it
is important the model to estimate the effort demanded by business process
automation as it helps organizations to plan and execute successful automation
plans (Hondares & Lorenzo, 2019). From the perspective of Inzunza Acedo et
al., (2020) the automation of work processes affects employees from a
sociological perspective.
The enterprise architecture shows an online learning platform, content
management, user management, resource management and quality management
(Peñafiel & Guzmán, 2019). For De La Espriella-Babiloni (2019) industrial
automation and instrumentation include traditional technologies, such as
programmable control systems, data acquisition systems, safety devices, and
emerging technologies, such as cloud computing and artificial intelligence; the
main characteristic of robotization or automation can be captured as follows:
technology used to replace workers, such as robots or other automated
technologies (Segovia, 2020).
Segovia (2020) refers to the great importance of robotization for the
management of human resources today; he classifies the imaginaries of threat,
the imaginaries of technophobia, the imaginaries of productivity improvement
and the imaginaries of resistance, these are the different imaginaries that
workers have of robotization (Inzunza Acedo et al., 2020). In this regard
Velázquez et al., (2019) classify business processes in business management
into two main typologies: strategic processes that include the operation of
human resources management, and operation processes that include the management
of the value chain.
Robotic automation of processes classifies this software technology
according to several different aspects, including existing systems, potential
uses, benefits offered to companies and existing challenges (Irreño, 2021). For
Vizalote Rodríguez (2022) it is of vital importance as it helps SMEs, to
improve their efficiency and productivity, which will result in greater success
in the long term; the importance of industrial automation and instrumentation
is highlighted when considering the economic and technological context when
implementing emerging or traditional technologies (De La Espriella-Babiloni,
2019).
Materials and methods
The present research is characterized by having a descriptive scope,
which is based on the total description of autonomous processes, with which
both the properties and main characteristics of the subject are defined, thus
obtaining information. The descriptive scope consists of measuring or
collecting information on the properties, characteristics and profiles of
people, groups, communities, processes or objects, without seeking to analyze
how they relate to each other (Hernández-Sampieri et
al., 2017).
Considering the research is characterized by a qualitative approach, it is
based on identifying how people react to a change of autonomous processes,
analyzing the mentality that represents the transformation of their activities
from something so rudimentary to something new and that produces uncertainty,
taking into account from social, cultural and economic aspects raised, from a
humanistic vision and autonomous development. From the point of view of
Sampieri et al., (2014) it is a set of interpretative techniques aimed at
making the world visible and transforming it into representations, such as
observations, records and documents.
The population of this research is made up of the population of the Colombian
agricultural sector, it is responsible for providing employment to a large
number of workers, who are immersed in cultivation, harvesting and production
work, being this a population of infinite character, for the ILO (2022) workers
face serious work deficits, especially inadequate security, low wages, lack of
stability and job security, and too much working time.
The instrument used in the research is documentary analysis, a technique
characterized by the operations performed to represent both the form and
content of documents (Martín-Gavilán, 2009). The benefits of this technique
were used for this reason, at the time of analyzing a topic as extensive as
automation, subtypes were chosen that were in accordance with the research and
had a close relationship with the main topic, different types of content were
chosen and classified to establish the base topics of the study, selecting
influential and unnecessary topics.
The search obtained from the analysis of the information was the use of
journalistic information, where different research sources were used, taking as
the most relevant research articles and magazines, written information media
from the experiences of third parties which present an analysis and a
conclusion of a certain topic.
Results
Aspects of automation related to modern processes
Process automation
has revolutionized the way companies operate and has enabled greater efficiency
and productivity in different areas of the company. Currently, there are
several automation technologies and tools available that allow the automation
of repetitive and manual tasks, as well as the optimization of more complex
business processes through the use of artificial intelligence and data
analysis; therefore, Table 1 shows a detailed comparison between two process
automation approaches: robotic process automation and intelligent process
automation. Both resources are useful to understand the importance of
automation in business process management and its potential to improve
efficiency, productivity and quality of services offered.
Impact of automation processes in the Colombian agricultural scenario
The impact of automation processes in Colombian agriculture is a topic of great
interest today, since the implementation of automation technologies can improve
the efficiency and productivity of agricultural activities; therefore, the
impact of automation on the production of specific crops in Colombia is shown.
The results indicate that automation can significantly increase the
productivity and profitability of these crops by reducing production costs and
improving product quality.
The results of a study on the impact of automation on employment in different
sectors of agricultural production in Colombia are observed. The results
indicate that, in general, automation has led to a reduction in employment in
the agricultural sectors analyzed. Flower cultivation was the sector with the
greatest loss of jobs, with 17.8%, followed by coffee cultivation with 15.4%
and fruit cultivation with 12.6%. On the other hand, precision agriculture
showed a net job creation of 7.6%. Automation has become a growing trend in the
world economy. In the last five years, the country has experienced a
significant implementation of automation technologies in different economic
sectors, as shown in Figure 2, the manufacturing industry leads in the
implementation of these technologies, with 52% of companies that have opted to
automate their production processes. Agriculture, on the other hand, has
implemented automation technologies in 34% of companies, followed by commerce
with 18% and services with 10%. This implementation of automation technologies
has had an impact on the demand for labor.
Manufacturing and
agriculture have suffered a significant decrease in the demand for manual
workers in the last 5 years, with a decrease of 12% and 9%, respectively. On
the other hand, the service sector has experienced a 5% increase in the demand
for manual workers.The
implementation of automation technologies has had a negative impact on the
demand for manual workers in Colombia, especially in the manufacturing industry
and agriculture.
The development of
this research allowed us to learn about the advances and implications of
process automation in different business areas, including the Colombian
agricultural sector. Within the literature reviewed, it was possible to
understand the importance of automation to improve the efficiency and
productivity of companies (Daza Cantor et al, 2021; De La Espriella-Babiloni,
2019; Vizalote Rodríguez, 2022), as well as the
benefits and challenges associated with its implementation. These findings are
relevant for a more complete understanding of the implications of automation
and provide useful insights for business decision-making (López-Rodríguez et
al., 2023; Velázquez et al, 2019; Inzunza Acedo et
al, 2020).
Likewise, it was revealed that automation can have a positive impact on
agricultural production, increasing efficiency, reducing costs and improving
product quality. However, it also revealed a loss of jobs in certain
agricultural sectors due to the implementation of automated technologies. These
encounters highlight the need to find a balance between the adoption of
automation and the preservation of jobs, considering both the benefits and the
possible negative impacts on the labor environment.
The methodological strategy used in this research was successful and the
objectives were fully met: a conceptual approach to automation processes in the
agricultural sector was analyzed. Through the review of relevant theoretical
references, a deeper understanding of the fundamentals and key concepts related
to the automation of processes in the agricultural field was obtained. This has
allowed establishing a solid knowledge base that has served as a starting point
to address the other aspects of the research.
Secondly, the aspects of automation related to modern processes were analyzed.
By comparing robotic process automation and intelligent process automation, it
was possible to identify the functions, necessary skills, benefits, flexibility
and implementation time associated with each approach, allowing to understand
the importance of automation in business process management and its potential
to improve efficiency, productivity and the quality of the services
offered.
Conclusions
Se analizó el impacto de los procesos de
automatización en el escenario agrícola colombiano. Mediante la implementación
de tecnologías de automatización con un impacto positivo en términos de aumento
de la eficiencia, la productividad y la rentabilidad de los cultivos, sin
embargo, también se identificó un impacto negativo asociado a la pérdida de
empleos en los sectores analizados, se contribuyen a una comprensión más
completa de los efectos de la automatización en el sector agrícola colombiano y
brindan información valiosa para la toma de decisiones en este ámbito.
La investigación sugiere la necesidad de realizar
futuros estudios para profundizar en diversos aspectos relacionados con la
automatización de procesos en el sector agrícola colombiano. Es importante
investigar más a fondo los impactos sociales y laborales de la automatización,
así como explorar estrategias para mitigar los efectos negativos, como la
reubicación laboral, las barreras y resistencias que enfrentan los productores,
estas investigaciones proporcionarán información valiosa y orientación para una
implementación más efectiva y sostenible de la automatización.
Dentro de las limitaciones de la investigación se
resalta la falta de información primaria a través de un instrumento, como
entrevistas o encuestas, que podrían haber enriquecido los resultados
obtenidos. Otra limitación Es la escasez de información disponible sobre el
tema de investigación. Estas limitaciones destacan la necesidad de futuros
estudios que utilicen enfoques metodológicos más amplios y diversificados para
obtener una comprensión más completa y rigurosa de los procesos de
automatización.
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